Neurophysiological Model of Tinnitus,
Its Clinical Implications and Clinical Results
- Jastreboff, P.J. Phantom auditory perception (Tinnitus): mechanisms
of generation and perception. Neuroscience Research, 8:221-254,
1990.
This is a fundamental paper in which the model is introduced and
other approaches to tinnitus are discussed. Rather difficult. Not recommended
as initial reading.
- Jastreboff, P.J. Tinnitus as a phantom perception: Theories and clinical
implications. In: Mechanisms of Tinnitus, eds. J. Vernon and A.
Moller, Allyn & Bacon, Massachusetts, Chapter 8, pp. 73-87, 1995.
A chapter describing the updated version of the model and its clinical
implication. Much more accessible to read than the above paper.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Hazell, J.W.P., Graham, R.L. Neurophysiological model
of tinnitus: Dependence of the minimal masking level on treatment outcome.
Hearing Research, 80:216-232, 1994.
The introduction in this paper provides a concise comparison of previous
models and approaches to tinnitus with the neurophysiological model. The
clinical data presented support our model and argue against common errors,
such as the belief that treatment outcome is related to tinnitus loudness
or its maskability -- it is not! This paper is somewhat difficult, but
I would recommend reading the introduction and discussion.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Hazell, J.W.P. A neurophysiological approach to tinnitus:
clinical implications. British Journal of Audiology, 27:7-17, 1993.
A paper focused on translating theory into clinical implication.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Hazell, J.W.P. Treatment of tinnitus based on a neurophysiological
model. In: Treatments for Tinnitus, ed. K. Farnsworth, Allyn &
Bacon, Massachusetts, in press.
This chapter was written as simply as possible for patients. It may
be the easiest reading on the model.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Gray, W.C., Gold, S.L. Neurophysiological approach
to tinnitus patients. American Journal of Otology, 17:236-240, 1996.
A description of the model and results presented in a well recognized
journal.
- Jastreboff, P.J. Processing of the tinnitus signal within the brain.
Proceedings of the 5th International Tinnitus Seminar, Portland, Oregon,
1995, eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus Association, Portland,
Oregon, pp58-67, 1996.
Updated the theory and emphasizes the relation of theory and findings
from the animal model.
- Jastreboff, P.J. Usefulness of the psychoacoustical characterization
of tinnitus. Proceedings of the 5th International Tinnitus Seminar,
Portland, Oregon, 1995, eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus
Association, Portland, Oregon, pp. 58-166, 1996.
An analysis of the value of audiological evaluation, stressing the
importance of evaluating hyperacusis in tinnitus patients.
The following three papers describe the practical aspects and results
of treatment in our Center.
- Jastreboff, P.J. Clinical implication of the neurophysiological model
of tinnitus. Proceedings of the 5th International Tinnitus Seminar,
Portland, Oregon, 1995, eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus
Association, Portland, Oregon, pp. 500-507, 1996.
- Gray, W.C., Jastreboff, P.J. Medical evaluation, diagnosis, and counseling.
Proceedings of the 5th International Tinnitus Seminar, Portland, Oregon,
1995, eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus Association, Portland,
Oregon, pp. 494-497, 1996.
- Gold, S.L., Gray, W.C., Jastreboff, P.J. Audiological evaluation and
follow up. Proceedings of the 5th International Tinnitus Seminar, Portland,
Oregon, 1995, eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus Association,
Portland, Oregon, pp. 485-487, 1996.
- Sheldrake, J.B., Jastreboff, P.J., Hazell, J.W.P. Perspectives for
total elimination of tinnitus perception. Proceedings of the 5th International
Tinnitus Seminar, Portland, Oregon, 1995, eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon,
American Tinnitus Association, Portland, Oregon, pp. 531-537, 1996.
Presents the results of a long-term study showing that about 20%
of the patients treated with our approach exhibited periods of time, up
to a few weeks, when they were not able to hear their tinnitus even when
they tried to. The study was done on 150 patients, and presently we are
continuing to collect data from an additional 100 patients.
Two papers on instruments.
- Jastreboff, P.J. Instrumentation and tinnitus: A neurophysiological
approach. Hearing Instruments 45:7-11, 1994.
- Gold, S.L., Gray, W.C., Jastreboff, P.J. Selection and fitting of noise
generators and hearing aids for tinnitus patients. Proceedings of the
5th International Tinnitus Seminar, Portland, Oregon, 1995, eds. G.
Reich and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus Association, Portland, Oregon, pp.
312-314, 1996.
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Other Clinical Works
- Jastreboff, P.J., Ikner, C.L., Hassen, A. An approach to objective
evaluation of tinnitus in humans. In: Tinnitus '91: Proceedings IV International
Tinnitus Seminar, Bordeaux, France 1991, ed. Jean©Marie Aran,
Kugler Publications, Amsterdam, pp. 331-340, 1992.
An application of a mathematical method, used for discrimination
between tinnitus and non tinnitus subjects in a blind study.
- Hazell, J.W.P., Jastreboff, P.J., Meerton, L.E., Conway, M.J. Electrical
tinnitus suppression: frequency dependence of effects. Audiology,
32:68-77, 1993.
The results of work with extracochlear electrical stimulation; rather
promising, however due to a high success rate with habituation techniques,
this approach has been limited to totally deaf patients who are getting
a cochlear implant.
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An Animal Model of Tinnitus
- Jastreboff, P.J., Brennan, J.F., Sasaki, C.T. Phantom auditory sensation
in rats: An animal model for tinnitus. Behavioral. Neuroscience,
102:811-822, 1988.
The main paper describing the principle and the results of our behavioral
paradigm for inducing and detecting tinnitus in rats.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Brennan, J.F., Sasaki, C.T. An animal model for tinnitus.
Laryngoscope, 98:280-286, 1988.
The outline of the model presenting both behavior and electrophysiology.
- Chen, G-D., Jastreboff, P.J. Salicylate-induced abnormal activity in
the inferior colliculus of rats. Hearing Research, 82:158-178, 1995.
To my knowledge, this is the first paper to present abnormal neuronal
activity which may be related to tinnitus in a large number of neurons,
and recorded under conditions when animals were shown to perceive tinnitus.
Notably, the results point out specific categories of mechanisms involved
in tinnitus and suggest types of drugs which may be effective.
Series of papers on the animal model presented at the IV International
Seminar in Bordeaux; the titles are self explanatory.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Brennan, J.F. Animal model of tinnitus: Recent developments.
In: Tinnitus '91: Proceedings IV International Tinnitus Seminar, Bordeaux,
France 1991, ed. Jean-Marie Aran, Kugler Publications, Amsterdam, pp.
283-292, 1992.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Brennan, J.F. The psychoacoustical characteristics
of tinnitus in rats. Tinnitus '91: Proceedings IV International Seminar,
Bordeaux, France 1991, ed. Jean-Marie Aran, Kugler Publications, Amsterdam,
pp. 305-309, 1992.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Nguyen, Q., Brennan, J.F., Sasaki, C.T. Calcium and
calcium channel involvement in tinnitus. In: Tinnitus '91: Proceedings
IV International Tinnitus Seminar, Bordeaux, France 1991, ed. Jean-Marie
Aran, Kugler Publications, Amsterdam, pp. 109-114, 1992.
- Jastreboff, P.J. Appropriateness of salicylate-based models of tinnitus.
In: Tinnitus '91: Proceedings IV International Tinnitus Seminar, Bordeaux,
France 1991, ed. Jean-Marie Aran, Kugler Publications, Amsterdam, pp.
309-313, 1992.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Sasaki, C.T. An animal model of tinnitus: A decade
of development. American Journal of Otology, 15:19-27, 1994.
A summary of the main stages of work on the animal model, initially
presented at the 126th Annual Meeting of American Otological Society.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Brennan, J.F. Evaluating the loudness of phantom
auditory perception (tinnitus) in rats. Audiology, 33:202-217, 1994.
The work created the basis for evaluating drugs capable of only partial
attenuation of tinnitus.
- Zhou, S., Kwapisz, U., Jastreboff, M.M., Gryczynska, U., Jastreboff,
P. J. Evaluation of the effectiveness of EGb 761 in an animal model of
tinnitus. Proceedings of the 5th International Tinnitus Seminar, Portland,
Oregon, 1995, eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus Association,
Portland, Oregon, pp. 245-247, 1996.
Evaluation of ginkgo biloba on the animal model.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Brennan, J.F., Jastreboff, M.M., Hu, S., Zhou, S.,
Chen, G.-D., Gryczynska, U., Kwapisz, U. Recent findings from an animal
model of tinnitus. Proceedings of the 5th International Tinnitus Seminar,
Portland, Oregon, 1995, eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus
Association, Portland, Oregon, pp. 114-126, 1996.
A summary of the main achievements during the last four years.
- Jastreboff, M.M., Jastreboff, P.J. Tinnitus-related modulation of c-fos
expression. Proceedings of the 5th International Tinnitus Seminar, Portland,
Oregon, 1995, eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus Association,
Portland, Oregon, pp. 426-428, 1996.
To my knowledge, these preliminary results represent the first work
with c-fos and tinnitus. These studies should allow for mapping the plastic
changes associated with tinnitus emergence.
- Jastreboff, M.M., Jastreboff, P.J. Modification of metabolic activity
within the auditory pathways related to salicylate-induced tinnitus. Proceedings
of the 5th International Tinnitus Seminar, Portland, Oregon, 1995,
eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus Association, Portland, Oregon,
pp. 423-425, 1996.
Similar to the c-fos work, but on metabolic activity.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Brennan, J.F. Mechanisms of L-type calcium channel
antagonist on tinnitus. Proceedings of the 5th International Tinnitus
Seminar, Portland, Oregon, 1995, eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon, American
Tinnitus Association, Portland, Oregon, pp. 234-236, 1996.
Nimodipine is a drug that has been indicated as potentially helpful
and we are testing it now in the center.
- Hu, S., Zhou, S., Jastreboff, M.M., Jastreboff, P.J. Influence of tinnitus-inducing
drugs on cochlear active processes. Proceedings of the 5th International
Tinnitus Seminar, Portland, Oregon, 1995, eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon,
American Tinnitus Association, Portland, Oregon, pp. 231-233, 1996.
A study testing the relation of tinnitus to active processes in the
cochlea.
- Hu, S., Zhou, S., Jastreboff, M.M., Jastreboff, P.J. Aging and the
functionality of the outer hair cell system. Proceedings of the 5th
International Tinnitus Seminar, Portland, Oregon, 1995, eds. G. Reich
and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus Association, Portland, Oregon, pp. 420-422,
1996.
An element of our continuing investigation of aging and tinnitus.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Zhou, S., Jastreboff, M.M., Kwapisz, U., Gryczynska,
U. Testing the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) for tinnitus
attenuation in an animal model. In: Advances in Ginkgo biloba Extract
Research. Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) on Neural Plasticity
(eds. Y. Christen, M.T. Droy-Lefaix, J.F. Macais-Nunez) Elsevier, Paris,
Volume 5, pp. 101-112, 1996.
Presents results of our investigation of the effectiveness of ginkgo
biloba on an animal model of tinnitus.
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Salicylate and mortality
These two papers report that salicylate in interaction with noise or
stress is literally deadly. The results have been reproduced in three independent
laboratories.
- Brennan, J.F., Jastreboff, P.J. Interaction of salicylate and noise
results in mortality of rats. Experientia, 45:731-734, 1989.
- Jastreboff, P.J., Brennan, J.F. Alleviation of mortality induced by
salicylate and stress. Experientia, 50:469-474, 1994.
Furthermore, the following books can be useful for a general overview
of tinnitus:
- McFadden, D. Tinnitus: Facts, theories, and treatments, Washington,
D.C. National Academy Press, 1982.
- Tinnitus, ed. Hazell, J.W.P.Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone,
1987. Proceeding of the III International Tinnitus Seminar, Muenster, edited
by Feldmann, H.Karlsruhe: Harsch Verlag, 1987.
- Tinnitus 91. Proceedings IV International Tinnitus Seminar, Bordeaux,
France, 1991, eds. Aran, J. and Dauman, R.Amsterdam: Kugler Publications,
1992.
- Proceedings of the 5th International Tinnitus Seminar 1995,
eds. G. Reich and J. Vernon, American Tinnitus Association, Portland, Oregon,
1996.
Additionally, a book on the tinnitus is presently under preparation.
- Jastreboff, P.J. and Hazell J.W.P. A Neurophysiological Approach
to Tinnitus: Theory & Practice. Cambridge University Press, expected
to be published at the end of 1998.
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